1. Describe the steps for adjusting the white balance on a camcorder or digital film camera.

If your camera has a filter whee, make sure you are using the correct filter for the lighting conditions.

Point your camera to a pure white subject, so that most of what you're seeing in the viewfinder is white. Opinions may vary on just how much white needs to be in the frame but we've found that about 50-80% of the frame should be fin. The subject should be fairly matte, that is, non-reflective.

Set your exposure and focus.

Activate the white balance by pressing the button or throwing the switch. The camera may take a few seconds to complete the operation, after which you should get a message  in the viewfinder.

2. Describe the steps for adjusting the manual white balance on a DSLR 

1. GET NEUTRAL ---> You will need a neutral target in order to set a proper custom white balance. Basically you are telling your camera, "Here this is a neutral target, base all color rendition off of this."

2. PHOTOGRAPH YOUR TARGET----> Set your camera to Program, Aperture Priority, Shutter Priority, or Manual if you are comfortable enough.  Getting a proper exposure of your target is critical.

3. GET INTO THE SCARY MENUS OF YOUR CAMERA----->Looking at all the options and confusing words in a DSLR camera menu can be a little intimidating for a beginner.  You certainly don't want to mess something up and not know how to change it back.

4. SET WB TO "CUSTOM"------> Don't forget even though you have told your camera to measure a custom white balance, you need to SET your camera's white balance to "Custom/Preset"

SOME THINGS TO REMEMBER:

-Remember that light temperature changes as the day goes by and the sun starts to set.  Different artificial/indoor lighting sources will also have different color temperatures. 

-Fill your frame with the target you are using. 

1.  Why should you avoid using autofocus when doing videography?

• You should try to avoid using autofocus because it could focus on something else in the frame or be unable to stay focus in complex subjects. 

2.  When is using the autofocus acceptable?

• Autofocus is acceptable when you have good lighting or when you dont have a lot of movement.

3.  What are the 4 steps to properly set your focus manually when shooting a static subject (such as an interview)?

~Compose your shot and also make sure the camera is set to MF mode

 ~Zoom in as far as you can on subjects eye

~Adjust the focus control until the eyes are sharply in focus. 

~Move quickly back and forth in smaller sweeps can help you better identify the sweet spot for accurately.

4.  What does the term "rack focus" mean?

• the practice of changing the focus of the lens during a shot.

1.  What is meant by White Balancing a camera?

• --> While the human eye adjusts easily to vibrations in light, electronic image sensors must be calibrated to the color temperature of the light source they are exposed to in order to accurately capture the color of objects within the field of view. The white balance of a camera can be set manually by shooting a white object such as a blank sheet of paper while depressing the manual white balance button

2. What is considered the "golden hour"?

• -->  The golden hour is a period shortly after sunrise or before sunset during which daylight is redder and softer than when the Sun is higher in the sky. This is the opposite of magic hour in cinematography, which is the period just before sunrise or just after sunset when light is diffuse and even.

3.  What is the color temperature of daylight, and what is its general hue?

• --> The three primary types of color temperature for light bulbs are: Soft White (2700K – 3000K), Bright White/Cool White (3500K – 4100K), and Daylight (5000K – 6500K). The higher the Degrees Kelvin, the whiter the color temperature.

4.  What is the color temperature of an interior fluorescent light, and what is its general hue?

• --> Fluorescent light has a color temperature between 3,400 degrees Kelvin and 4,800 degrees Kelvin, depending on the type of bulbs in the fixtures. If you white balance your camera under indoor 3,200 degrees Kelvin light, the picture will suddenly have a green cast and look quite ghastly. Bluish cast.

5.  Embed an image of incorrect white balance. 

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1.  Explain the Exposure Triangle.

--> The term exposure triangle is widely used by photographers to refer to the three primary components of a camera system that a photographer adjusts to control exposure.

2.  List the 3 components and what each controls. 

• --> Aperture: it is adjusted by turning the innermost ring on the outside of the lens housing. It strongly influences the relative amount of depth of field in a shot. A series of f-stop numbers are printed on the outside surface of the ring, indicating the size of the aperture. It controls the amount of light reaching the film or image sensor. In combination with variation of shutter speed, the aperture size will regulate the film's or image sensor's degree of exposure to light.

• ~~~> IOS (film speed) : Film speed is the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to light, determined by sensitometry and measured on various numerical scales, the most recent being the ISO system.

• ~~~> Shutter Speed:  is the length of time when the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light, also when a camera's shutter is open when taking a photograph. The amount of light that reaches the film or image sensor is proportional to the exposure time.

1.  Define Aspect Ratio

~ Aspect ratio is an indicator of the proportional relationship of the width to the height of the screen and is depicted with the expression x:y, where x equals the number of units wide and y equals the number of units high.While the physical size of a display screen can vary, the aspect ratio remains constant

2.  List the aspect ratios for the following formats:

• 10" tablet (9.7" display)
• 4:3
• Smartphone (4.7" display)
• 16:9
• Leaderboard Ad
• 728:90
• HDTV 16:9
• 16:9

3.  Explain the difference between Interlaced & Progressive scanning.  Embed an image(s) that illustrate each. 

~ Interlace scanning is used to minimize bandwidth use and flickering where progressive scanning is consecutively scanning lines of the picture from top to bottom, just as you type on a typerwriter. 

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1.  Define Graphic & Image.  What is the difference in the two?

~ A graphic is any type of visual presentation that can be displayed on a physical surface such as a sheet of paper, wall, poster, blackboard, or computer monitor where as an image is a two- or three-dimensional representation of a person, animal, object, or scene, in the nature world. 

2.  Explain the difference between Raster & Vector images.  What are the advantages/disadvantages of each?  Embed an image(s) that illustrates each.

~ A raster image is formed by dividing the area of an image into a rectangular matrix of rows and columns comprised of pixels where as a vector image defines the area of a picture  using paths made up of points, lines, curves, and shapes. An advantage is a simple data structure. Some disadvantages are an inaccurate area and graphical calculations and a large storage requirements. Vector images have crisp edges with no aliasing. They can be resized up or down to any size without negative consequences. Vector imaging uses mathematically constructed paths to define a graphic's visual structure. Some advantages are the definitions of the image quality will always remain the same and small file sizes. Some disadvantages are lower color quality and not good photographic images.

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3.  Why should you avoid upscaling whenever possible?

~ This should be avoided because when upscaling you change the quality of the pixels and you lose image detail and sharpness. The more you enlarge a raster image, the softer and fuzzier it becomes. For this specific reason, you should avoid upscaling. 

4.  What is the difference between Aliased and Anti-Aliased text?  Embed an image(s) that illustrates each.

~ Anti-aliasing smoothes out the edges of jagged type by blending the color transition points, such as the pixels along the edges of a letter. Aliasing is a stair-step effect caused by using square pixels to define objects with curves or diagonal lines. It has more extrusive jagged edges. 

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• Explain kerning and leading.  Also, explain why proper kerning and leading is so important in design. In addition, post a picture of bad kerning. 

• Kerning is the process of removing tiny units of space between characters to create visually consistent letter spacing. The larger the test, the more critical it is to adjust the spacing. Kerning is totally dependent on your eye; the computer cannot do it for you.

• Leading is used to define the amount of space between vertically adjacent lines of text. The term originated during the days of manual typesetting when thin strips of lead of various widths were used to separate the rows of metal typefaces. 

This is an example of bad kerning. The spacing is to close