explain the 6 passes you would make while editing your final project.  




Construct the primary audio narrative-

insert spoken words or performace-based segments of a story such as a dialog, sound bites, narration, and voice overs into the timeline in a sequential order from the beginning to the end


Insert B-Roll-

fill in the holes in the vdeo track where only audio currently exists


Insert Subtitles and Graphics-

insert lower-thirds and graphics


Add Sound Effects and Music-

when you want to include music and sound effects into your project, it is usually better off to hold off doing so until the basic structure of your story is sufficiently developed.

Add Transitions and Effects-

you can begin the process of adding transitions and effects

Finsihing Touches-

 before closing out an editing project, spend lots of time making minute adjustments to the placement of your clips and timing of transitions, titles, effects, and so forth

Sound Bites, Stand Ups (as related to broadcast news production), Narration , Natural Sound(Atmosphere or Ambient Sound) and Foley (you'll need to research some of these). 

• Sound Bites- a short extract from a recorded interview, chosen for its pungency or appropriateness. a brief catchy comment or saying

• Stand Ups- standup is when a television reporter appears in front of the camera to narrate part of a story – most often at the beginning to set up the story, or at the very end.
  Often the standups and voice-overs are read from a script the reporter has prepared beforehand.
• Narration-  voice over recorded separately from the video it is describing
• Nutural Sound-  sources in their normal soundscape. 
• Foley- relating to or concerned with the addition of recorded sound effects after the shooting of a film.

list and define the 3 lights that make up the 3point lighting principle.

Key light- key light is the main light. It is usually the strongest and has the most influence on the look of the scene. It is placed to one side of the camera/object so that this side has some shadow.


Fill light- This is the secondary light and is placed on the opposite side of the key light. It is used to fill the shadows created by the key. The fill will usually be softer and less bright than the key. To acheive this, you could move the light further away or use some spun. You might also want to set the fill light to more of a flood than the key.

Back Light- The back light is placed behind the subject and lights it from the rear. Rather than providing direct lighting, its purpose is to provide definition and subtle highlights around the subject's outlines. This helps seperate the subject from the background and provide a three-dimensional look.

Define the 180* rule.  Embed an image to visually explain the definition. 


The 180* rule is a cinematography guideline that states that two characters in a scene should maintain the same left or right relationship to one another. When the camera passes over the invisible axis connecting the two subjects, it is called crossing the line and the shot becomes a reverse angle. It also states a rule that a camera should be placed somewhere inside 180 degrees on a particular side of the invisible line of a shot containing two people filmed in sequence.

1.  Why should you use an external microphone?

~If you want to receive the audio from far away, then you need to use an external microphone. 

2. What are the two ways to monitor your audio recording? 

~ The objective act of measuring sound intensity and seating record levels

~ The subjective act of listening to audio signals that is being recorded

In a blog post, describe scenarios in which you would use each of the following microphones.

Handheld: This microphone is normally seen when you see someone doing a performance, like a comedian or a singer or television interviews. 

Lavalier:  hands free; used for interviews

Shotgun: narrow pick up pattern

Boundary (or table) mic: on tvs or cables. it is used on flat surfaces

1. Describe the steps for adjusting the white balance on a camcorder or digital film camera.

If your camera has a filter whee, make sure you are using the correct filter for the lighting conditions.

Point your camera to a pure white subject, so that most of what you're seeing in the viewfinder is white. Opinions may vary on just how much white needs to be in the frame but we've found that about 50-80% of the frame should be fin. The subject should be fairly matte, that is, non-reflective.

Set your exposure and focus.

Activate the white balance by pressing the button or throwing the switch. The camera may take a few seconds to complete the operation, after which you should get a message  in the viewfinder.

2. Describe the steps for adjusting the manual white balance on a DSLR 

1. GET NEUTRAL ---> You will need a neutral target in order to set a proper custom white balance. Basically you are telling your camera, "Here this is a neutral target, base all color rendition off of this."

2. PHOTOGRAPH YOUR TARGET----> Set your camera to Program, Aperture Priority, Shutter Priority, or Manual if you are comfortable enough.  Getting a proper exposure of your target is critical.

3. GET INTO THE SCARY MENUS OF YOUR CAMERA----->Looking at all the options and confusing words in a DSLR camera menu can be a little intimidating for a beginner.  You certainly don't want to mess something up and not know how to change it back.

4. SET WB TO "CUSTOM"------> Don't forget even though you have told your camera to measure a custom white balance, you need to SET your camera's white balance to "Custom/Preset"

SOME THINGS TO REMEMBER:

-Remember that light temperature changes as the day goes by and the sun starts to set.  Different artificial/indoor lighting sources will also have different color temperatures. 

-Fill your frame with the target you are using. 

1.  Why should you avoid using autofocus when doing videography?

• You should try to avoid using autofocus because it could focus on something else in the frame or be unable to stay focus in complex subjects. 

2.  When is using the autofocus acceptable?

• Autofocus is acceptable when you have good lighting or when you dont have a lot of movement.

3.  What are the 4 steps to properly set your focus manually when shooting a static subject (such as an interview)?

~Compose your shot and also make sure the camera is set to MF mode

 ~Zoom in as far as you can on subjects eye

~Adjust the focus control until the eyes are sharply in focus. 

~Move quickly back and forth in smaller sweeps can help you better identify the sweet spot for accurately.

4.  What does the term "rack focus" mean?

• the practice of changing the focus of the lens during a shot.

1.  What is meant by White Balancing a camera?

• --> While the human eye adjusts easily to vibrations in light, electronic image sensors must be calibrated to the color temperature of the light source they are exposed to in order to accurately capture the color of objects within the field of view. The white balance of a camera can be set manually by shooting a white object such as a blank sheet of paper while depressing the manual white balance button

2. What is considered the "golden hour"?

• -->  The golden hour is a period shortly after sunrise or before sunset during which daylight is redder and softer than when the Sun is higher in the sky. This is the opposite of magic hour in cinematography, which is the period just before sunrise or just after sunset when light is diffuse and even.

3.  What is the color temperature of daylight, and what is its general hue?

• --> The three primary types of color temperature for light bulbs are: Soft White (2700K – 3000K), Bright White/Cool White (3500K – 4100K), and Daylight (5000K – 6500K). The higher the Degrees Kelvin, the whiter the color temperature.

4.  What is the color temperature of an interior fluorescent light, and what is its general hue?

• --> Fluorescent light has a color temperature between 3,400 degrees Kelvin and 4,800 degrees Kelvin, depending on the type of bulbs in the fixtures. If you white balance your camera under indoor 3,200 degrees Kelvin light, the picture will suddenly have a green cast and look quite ghastly. Bluish cast.

5.  Embed an image of incorrect white balance. 

• --> 

1.  Explain the Exposure Triangle.

--> The term exposure triangle is widely used by photographers to refer to the three primary components of a camera system that a photographer adjusts to control exposure.

2.  List the 3 components and what each controls. 

• --> Aperture: it is adjusted by turning the innermost ring on the outside of the lens housing. It strongly influences the relative amount of depth of field in a shot. A series of f-stop numbers are printed on the outside surface of the ring, indicating the size of the aperture. It controls the amount of light reaching the film or image sensor. In combination with variation of shutter speed, the aperture size will regulate the film's or image sensor's degree of exposure to light.

• ~~~> IOS (film speed) : Film speed is the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to light, determined by sensitometry and measured on various numerical scales, the most recent being the ISO system.

• ~~~> Shutter Speed:  is the length of time when the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light, also when a camera's shutter is open when taking a photograph. The amount of light that reaches the film or image sensor is proportional to the exposure time.

1.  Define Aspect Ratio

~ Aspect ratio is an indicator of the proportional relationship of the width to the height of the screen and is depicted with the expression x:y, where x equals the number of units wide and y equals the number of units high.While the physical size of a display screen can vary, the aspect ratio remains constant

2.  List the aspect ratios for the following formats:

• 10" tablet (9.7" display)
• 4:3
• Smartphone (4.7" display)
• 16:9
• Leaderboard Ad
• 728:90
• HDTV 16:9
• 16:9

3.  Explain the difference between Interlaced & Progressive scanning.  Embed an image(s) that illustrate each. 

~ Interlace scanning is used to minimize bandwidth use and flickering where progressive scanning is consecutively scanning lines of the picture from top to bottom, just as you type on a typerwriter. 

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1.  Define Graphic & Image.  What is the difference in the two?

~ A graphic is any type of visual presentation that can be displayed on a physical surface such as a sheet of paper, wall, poster, blackboard, or computer monitor where as an image is a two- or three-dimensional representation of a person, animal, object, or scene, in the nature world. 

2.  Explain the difference between Raster & Vector images.  What are the advantages/disadvantages of each?  Embed an image(s) that illustrates each.

~ A raster image is formed by dividing the area of an image into a rectangular matrix of rows and columns comprised of pixels where as a vector image defines the area of a picture  using paths made up of points, lines, curves, and shapes. An advantage is a simple data structure. Some disadvantages are an inaccurate area and graphical calculations and a large storage requirements. Vector images have crisp edges with no aliasing. They can be resized up or down to any size without negative consequences. Vector imaging uses mathematically constructed paths to define a graphic's visual structure. Some advantages are the definitions of the image quality will always remain the same and small file sizes. Some disadvantages are lower color quality and not good photographic images.

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3.  Why should you avoid upscaling whenever possible?

~ This should be avoided because when upscaling you change the quality of the pixels and you lose image detail and sharpness. The more you enlarge a raster image, the softer and fuzzier it becomes. For this specific reason, you should avoid upscaling. 

4.  What is the difference between Aliased and Anti-Aliased text?  Embed an image(s) that illustrates each.

~ Anti-aliasing smoothes out the edges of jagged type by blending the color transition points, such as the pixels along the edges of a letter. Aliasing is a stair-step effect caused by using square pixels to define objects with curves or diagonal lines. It has more extrusive jagged edges. 

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• Explain kerning and leading.  Also, explain why proper kerning and leading is so important in design. In addition, post a picture of bad kerning. 

• Kerning is the process of removing tiny units of space between characters to create visually consistent letter spacing. The larger the test, the more critical it is to adjust the spacing. Kerning is totally dependent on your eye; the computer cannot do it for you.

• Leading is used to define the amount of space between vertically adjacent lines of text. The term originated during the days of manual typesetting when thin strips of lead of various widths were used to separate the rows of metal typefaces. 

This is an example of bad kerning. The spacing is to close

1. What is HTML?

• HTML is short for Hypertext Markup Language. It is a standardized system for tagging text files to achieve font, color, graphic, and hyperlink effect on World Wide Web pages.

1. What are the sections of an HTML document?

• An HTML document us divided into three sections:

         ~Declarations- At the very top of the document, you should include at least a "doctype" declaration. This            bit of code has to be exactly right for the browser to interpret the page correctly. The browser needs to know whether the codes it's interpreting is HTML5 or an older version of HTML.

      ~Head- Like the head on a body, to some extent it controls what the body does. Most information you out    into your head is invisible to the user. This section of code is at the top of your page between the head pages (<head></head>)

      ~Body- Most of the information you place in the body is information you want the user to see or code that directly controls how and where this information shows up. This section of code is below the head and between the body tags (<body></body>)

1. What is found in the HTML head content?

• Your web page head controls what the user sees at the top of the browser and the tab. You have to include title tags (<title></titles); whats between them will appear as text on the tav and at the top of the browser. You could also include a link to a small image called a favicon. 

->Links to external style sheets )separate files that control how pages look

--> Style information (if you choose to control styles within the file rather than from a separate file)

--->Metadate~ information about the HTML document such as the author, language of the content, character encoding, keywords that help a search engine find your page {in meta tags (<meta></meta>) }

---->Links to other external script files, such as separate files with JavaScript

-----> Tags that indicate which scripts are used in the body

Pull up one of your favorite websites.  On a blank piece of paper, or graph paper, draw the grid system that website's homepage and 2 additional pages use.  You should have 3 NEAT drawings.  Reference figure 5.11 for your drawings (you do not need pixel sizes).  Scan or take clear pictures of your drawings.   

In a new post on your blog,  give me the link of the website you referenced and embed the three photos of your drawings. 

explain what is visual hierarchy and why is it important?

• Visual hierarchy refers to the perceived ordering of content within a page by the reader. Visual hierarchy can improve the order and flow of content on a multimedia page. In other words, visual hierarchy influences the order in which the human eye perceives what it sees. This order is created by the visual contrast between forms in a field of perception.
• https://www.bankofamerica.com